But since such creation would necessarily span tens or hundreds of billions of years, there is no easy way of avoiding the possibility that the First Law would be continuously broken with the emergence of each new particle of matter.Īs is well known, the field of nonequilibrium thermodynamics teaches that energy is not necessarily conserved in open systems. The natural replacement cosmology would be one that predicts continuous matter creation. These findings raise the question as to what creation process should replace the big bang. In particular, the superiority of the static universe, tired light model is best seen when the competing cosmologies are simultaneously compared on multiple cosmology tests. However, as galaxies have been observed at increasingly large redshifts in recent decades, evidence has mounted against the expansion hypothesis as the static universe, tired light model has been found to make a far better fit to cosmological test data. The big bang theory side-stepped its immense energy nonconservation violation by claiming that its matter/energy creation event occurred in a time shorter than the Planck time. Moreover, as Arp has shown, such cores may birth and expel entire galactic embryos, raising concerns about how this is possible without violating energy conservation.Īnother serious threat to the closed system paradigm is posed by the imminent collapse of the big bang cosmology. However, this world view has become strained by recent observations of supermassive galactic cores in an active state of eruption which lack dust in their immediate vicinity to fuel their enormous energy output. Hence it is reasonable to explore such a possibility, and as is shown below, this phenomenon does have a sound theoretical basis.įor most of their history, physics and astronomy have operated on the assumption that the universe behaves as a closed system and that the First Law applies rigorously to all physical phenomena. The amount of violation required is extremely small, roughly 10 orders of magnitude smaller than what can be verified over laboratory distances. This paper intends to show that all of these effects can be accounted for if one allows a small violation in energy conservation and assumes that a photon’s wavelength progressively blueshifts as the photon traverses regions of space where the gravitational potential is particularly negative, as when passing through a galaxy cluster gravity well. There are a number of astronomical phenomena which have currently posed a challenge to astronomy, such as the Virgo cluster blueshift, the Fingers-of-God effect, the Kaiser effect, the blueshift bias of the Local Group relative to the Hubble flow, and the observation that primary galaxies in a cluster tend to be blueshifted relative to the spectra of their companion galaxies. The latter effect may be visualized as a negative nonvelocity Hubble constant. These photon energy phenomena are anticipated by the physics of subquantum kinetics which predicts that photons traversing long distances through intergalactic space should undergo nonconservative tired-light redshifting, and that photons passing through gravity potential wells should undergo progressive blueshifting.
It also offers an explanation for the blueshift of the Andromeda galaxy spectra and for Arp’s findings that the spectra of primary galaxies in a cluster tend to be blueshifted relative to their companion galaxies. The proposed cosmological blueshifting phenomenon also explains the downturn of the slope of the Hubble Flow in the vicinity of the Local Group which projects a negative apparent velocity for photons propagating near the Milky Way. The opposite effect, excessive redshifting of photons passing through cosmic voids is able to explain void elongation in redshift space, and also the subnormal luminosity of void galaxies. The effect is also shown to account for the Fingers-of-God effect and Kaiser pancaking effect seen when the spectra of cluster galaxies are plotted in redshift space. The presence of such a nonvelocity blueshift effect is seen to make a substantial contribution to Virgo cluster galaxy spectra, sufficient to dramatically decrease the cluster’s velocity dispersion and assessed virial mass and eliminate the need to assume the presence of large quantities of dark matter. Beginning from the premise that the universe is static, and that the cosmological redshift is due to a nonconservative tired light effect, the following examines evidence supporting the prediction that photons will progressively blueshift when transiting through the gravity wells of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters.
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